White-capped Dipper

SCI Name:  Cinclus leucocephalus
Protonym:  Cinclus leucocephalus Arch.Naturgesch. 10 p.279
Taxonomy:  Passeriformes / Cinclidae / Cinclus
Taxonomy Code:  whcdip1
Type Locality:  Department of Junin, Peru.
Author:  von Tschudi
Publish Year:  1844
IUCN Status:  Least Concern

DEFINITIONS

CINCLUS
(Cinclidae; † White-throated Dipper C. cinclus) Specific name Sturnus cinclus Linnaeus, 1758; the dippers are a small, distinctive group of passerines adapted to swimming and hunting under water; "XXIII. Gattung, Wasseramsel, Cinclus.    ...   128) Cinclus hydrophilus, die gemeine Wasseramsel, schwarz mit weißer Brust.  Linn. p. 803. nr. 5.  Faun. suec. nr. 214. Sturnus Cinclus.  Bechsteins Nat. Gesch. Deutschl. IV. S. 167.  Der Wasserstaar.  Göze Fauna V. I. S. 67. Wasserstaar.  Scopoli Ann. I. nr. 223. Motacilla Cinclus.  Lathams Uebers. III. S. 45. nr. 50. Wasseramsel (unter den Drosseln).   ...   Aber nirgends steht er am rechten Art, und nur in einer eigenen Gattung, wozu der Bau seines Körpers und Schnabels hinlängliche Kennzeichen darbieten, kann er eine angemessene Stelle finden." (Borkhausen 1797); "Wassenschwätzer. Cinclus   ...   Der Gestalt nach unter die Singvögel gehörig, der Nahrung und Lebensart nach aber sich den Sumpfvögeln und zwar den Strandläufen nähernd. Nähren sich von Wasserinsekten und nisten in Uferlöchern   ...   Sturnus Cinclus. Linn." (Bechstein 1802); "Cinclus Borkhausen, 1797, Deutsche Fauna, 1, p. 300.  Type, by monotypy, Cinclus hydrophilus Borkhausen = Sturnus cinclus Linnaeus." (Greenway in Peters, 1960, IX, p. 374).
Var. Cinches.
Synon. Accentor, Aquatilis, Hydrichla, Hydrobata.
• (Scolopacidae; syn. Arenaria † Ruddy Turnstone A. interpres) Gr. κιγκλος kinklos  unidentified waterside bird; "CINCLUS, Mœhr. (1752).  Strepsilas, Ill. (1811).  Arenaria, Briss. (1760).  Morinella, Meyer (1810).  Tringa, L.    C. morinellus, (L.) G. R. Gray. Pl. enl. 856.  S. interpres, Ill.  S. collaris, Temm." (G. Gray 1841); "Cinclus "Moehring" (not of Borkhausen, 1797, nor of Bechstein, 1802) Gray, List Gen. Subgen. Bds., 2nd ed., p. 85, 1841—type, by orig. desig., Tringa morinella Linnaeus [= Tringa interpres Linnaeus]." (Hellmayr and Conover, 1948, Cat. Birds Americas, Pt. I (3), p. 134); Gray has opened Pandora's box here; Moehring's "Cinclus", in so far as it is identifiable at all, is most probably the Dunlin, and certainly not the Turnstone.
• (Scolopacidae; syn. Calidris † Dunlin C. alpina) "HALVE SNEP, LOOPERTJE, in 't Lat. Cinclus.* [RAY. Syn. Av. p. 110]" (Moehring 1758); "L'ALOUETTE-DE-MER.  ... CINCLUS" (Brisson 1760): ex "Cinclus" of Gessner 1555, "Schoeniclus" of Aldrovandus 1599-1603, "Junco" of Charleton 1668, "Ox-eye" of Ray 1713, and other references. The "Ox-eye" of Ray is certainly the Dunlin.  Although historically Tringa Cinclus has been used for a variety of waders, Cinclus Bechstein, 1804: "Steinpicker  ...  Tringa Cinclus, alpina, islandica u.a.", also represents the Dunlin (OD per Björn Bergenholtz).
• (syn. ?) Rafinesque's first use of this name; perhaps a lapsus for Coloeus; "Sous-famille. CORACINIA. Coraces. Bec comprimé.  G. 1. Coracias L.   2. Becardia R.   3. Gonotrimphus R.   4. Paradisea L.    5. Nemoderus R. L.   6. Caryocactes R.   7. Cinclus R.   8. Corvus L.   9. Kinkus R.   10. Corbivus R." (Rafinesque 1815).
• (syn. ?) Rafinesque's second use of this name; "2. Sous-famille. STURNIDIA. Les Sturniens. Bec allongé, non comprimé.   20. Glaucopis L.   21. Buphaga L.   22. Oriolus L.   23. Sturnus L. Quiscalis R.   24. Calleas R.   25. Icterus Daud.   26. Cacicus Daud.   27. Xanthornus R.   28. Cinclus R." (Rafinesque 1815).

cinclus
Gr. κιγκλος kinklos  small tail-wagging waterside bird mentioned by Aristotle, Aristophanes, Aelianus and other authors, perhaps a wagtail or a sandpiper, but never properly identified. Variously treated by later authors as a wagtail, sandpiper, dipper, thrush or ouzel. In ornithology cinclus is associated with a great variety of unrelated thrush-like birds (e.g., the water ouzel or dipper), but rarely with the true thrushes.
● (syn. Actitis hypoleucos).
● (syn. Arenaria interpres).
● ex “Cinclus” of Gessner 1555, Aldrovandus 1599-1603, and Ray 1713, and “Tringa Cinclus” of Brisson 1760 (syn. Calidris alpina).
● "94. STURNUS.  ...  Cinclus.  4. S. niger, pectore albo.  Motacilla pectore albo, corpore nigro. Fn. svec. 216.  Merula aquatica. Gesn. av. 609. Aldr. orn. l. 20. c. 54. Will. orn. 104. t. 24. Raj. av. 66. n. 7. Alb. av. 2. p. 36. t. 39.  Habitat in Europa ad aquas: Hyeme ad cataractas, fontesque non congelandos, ubi descendit per voragines voratura Oniscos aquaticos Insectaque alia: emergitque non palmipes, hyeme solitaria, æstate plerumque gemina versatur. Mere insectivora nec granivora, naribus laminula fere clausis distincta a Motacillis." (Linnaeus 1758) (Cinclus).

leucocephala / leucocephalos / leucocephalus
Gr. λευκοκεφαλος leukokephalos  white-headed  < λευκος leukos  white;
-κεφαλος -kephalos  -headed  < κεφαλη kephalē  head.
● "44. PSITTACUS.  ...  leucocephalus.  26. P. brachyurus viridis, remigibus cæruleis, fronte alba.  Psittacus leucocephalus. Aldr. ornith. l. 11. c. 8. Raj. av. 31.  Psittacus viridis, fronte alba, collo rubro. Frisch. av. 4. t. 46.  Psittacus viridis, capite albo. Edw. av. 166. t. 166.  Habitat in America.  Corpus magnitudine Cuculi, viride pennis margine nigris. Caput supra & ad latera cæruleum; fronte oculorumque regione alba. Gula tota rubra. Remiges nigræ latere exteriore denudato cæruleæ. Rectrices æquales, virides, basi rubræ, apice flavescentes; at 1. 1. latere exteriore cæruleo; 6. 6. unicolores. Abdomen postice ferrugineum." (Linnaeus 1758) (Amazona).
● ex “White-headed Shrike” of Latham 1781 (syn. Artamella viridis).
● ex "White-headed Curlew" of Latham 1785 (?syn. Bostrychia hagedash).
● ex “Gavilán de Estero cabeza blanca” of de Azara 1802-1805, no. 13 (subsp. Busarellus nigricollis).
● ex “Héron de la côte de Coromandel” of d’Aubenton 1765-1781, pl. 906, “Héron violet” of de Buffon 1770-1786, and “Violet Heron” of Latham 1785 (syn. Ciconia episcopus).
● ex “Rauhfuss Geyer” and “Gelbbrauner Geyer” of Frisch 1733, “Falco” of Brisson 1760, and “White-headed Falcon” of Latham 1781 (syn. Falco peregrinus).
● ex “White-headed Frigate” of Latham 1785 (syn. Fregata aquila).
● ex “Bald Eagle” of Catesby 1731, and “Aigle à tête blanche” of Brisson 1760 (Haliaeetus).
● ex “Merle Dominiquain de la Chine” of Sonnerat 1782, and “White-headed Thrush” of Latham 1783 (Hypsipetes).
● ex “Gobe-mouche à ventre jaune de Cayenne” of d’Aubenton 1765-1781, pl. 569, fig. 2 (syn. Myiozetetes cayanensis).
● ex “White Vulture” and “Cinereous Vulture” of Willughhby 1676, “Vultur albus” of Ray 1713, “Vultur leucocephalus” of Brisson 1760, “Vautour de Norwège” of d’Aubenton 1765-1781, pl. 429, and “Petit Vautour” of de Buffon 1770-1783 (syn. Neophron percnopterus).
● ex “Bald pate” of Ray 1713, “Columba capite albo” of Sloane 1725, and “White-crown’d Pigeon” of Catesby 1731 (Patagioenas).
● ex “Martin-Pêcheur de Java” of d’Aubenton 1765-1781, pl. 757, “Martin-pêcheur à tête et cou couleur de paille” of de Buffon 1770-1786, and “White-headed Kingsfisher” of Latham 1782 (syn. Pelargopsis capensis javana).
● ex “White-headed Finch” of Latham 1787 (syn. Stagonopleura guttata).
● ex “Lindo azul cabeza blanca” of de Azara 1802-1805, no. 93 (syn. Stephanophorus diadematus).
● ex “Quatoztli” of Hernandez 1651, and Seba 1734-1745, and “Tangara brasiliensis leucocephala” of Brisson 1760 (unident.).

SUBSPECIES

White-capped Dipper (Santa Marta)
SCI Name: Cinclus leucocephalus rivularis
rivularis
L. rivularis  of a brook  < rivulus  small brook, rivulet  < dim. rivus  stream.

White-capped Dipper (White-bellied)
SCI Name: Cinclus leucocephalus leuconotus
leuconotos / leuconotus
Gr. λευκος leukos  white; -νωτος -nōtos  -backed  < νωτον nōton  back.

White-capped Dipper (White-capped)
SCI Name: Cinclus leucocephalus leucocephalus
leucocephala / leucocephalos / leucocephalus
Gr. λευκοκεφαλος leukokephalos  white-headed  < λευκος leukos  white;
-κεφαλος -kephalos  -headed  < κεφαλη kephalē  head.
● "44. PSITTACUS.  ...  leucocephalus.  26. P. brachyurus viridis, remigibus cæruleis, fronte alba.  Psittacus leucocephalus. Aldr. ornith. l. 11. c. 8. Raj. av. 31.  Psittacus viridis, fronte alba, collo rubro. Frisch. av. 4. t. 46.  Psittacus viridis, capite albo. Edw. av. 166. t. 166.  Habitat in America.  Corpus magnitudine Cuculi, viride pennis margine nigris. Caput supra & ad latera cæruleum; fronte oculorumque regione alba. Gula tota rubra. Remiges nigræ latere exteriore denudato cæruleæ. Rectrices æquales, virides, basi rubræ, apice flavescentes; at 1. 1. latere exteriore cæruleo; 6. 6. unicolores. Abdomen postice ferrugineum." (Linnaeus 1758) (Amazona).
● ex “White-headed Shrike” of Latham 1781 (syn. Artamella viridis).
● ex "White-headed Curlew" of Latham 1785 (?syn. Bostrychia hagedash).
● ex “Gavilán de Estero cabeza blanca” of de Azara 1802-1805, no. 13 (subsp. Busarellus nigricollis).
● ex “Héron de la côte de Coromandel” of d’Aubenton 1765-1781, pl. 906, “Héron violet” of de Buffon 1770-1786, and “Violet Heron” of Latham 1785 (syn. Ciconia episcopus).
● ex “Rauhfuss Geyer” and “Gelbbrauner Geyer” of Frisch 1733, “Falco” of Brisson 1760, and “White-headed Falcon” of Latham 1781 (syn. Falco peregrinus).
● ex “White-headed Frigate” of Latham 1785 (syn. Fregata aquila).
● ex “Bald Eagle” of Catesby 1731, and “Aigle à tête blanche” of Brisson 1760 (Haliaeetus).
● ex “Merle Dominiquain de la Chine” of Sonnerat 1782, and “White-headed Thrush” of Latham 1783 (Hypsipetes).
● ex “Gobe-mouche à ventre jaune de Cayenne” of d’Aubenton 1765-1781, pl. 569, fig. 2 (syn. Myiozetetes cayanensis).
● ex “White Vulture” and “Cinereous Vulture” of Willughhby 1676, “Vultur albus” of Ray 1713, “Vultur leucocephalus” of Brisson 1760, “Vautour de Norwège” of d’Aubenton 1765-1781, pl. 429, and “Petit Vautour” of de Buffon 1770-1783 (syn. Neophron percnopterus).
● ex “Bald pate” of Ray 1713, “Columba capite albo” of Sloane 1725, and “White-crown’d Pigeon” of Catesby 1731 (Patagioenas).
● ex “Martin-Pêcheur de Java” of d’Aubenton 1765-1781, pl. 757, “Martin-pêcheur à tête et cou couleur de paille” of de Buffon 1770-1786, and “White-headed Kingsfisher” of Latham 1782 (syn. Pelargopsis capensis javana).
● ex “White-headed Finch” of Latham 1787 (syn. Stagonopleura guttata).
● ex “Lindo azul cabeza blanca” of de Azara 1802-1805, no. 93 (syn. Stephanophorus diadematus).
● ex “Quatoztli” of Hernandez 1651, and Seba 1734-1745, and “Tangara brasiliensis leucocephala” of Brisson 1760 (unident.).