African Black-headed Oriole

SCI Name:  Oriolus larvatus
Protonym:  Oriolus larvatus Verz.Doubl.Zool.Mus.Berlin p.20
Taxonomy:  Passeriformes / Oriolidae / Oriolus
Taxonomy Code:  abhori1
Type Locality:  'Terr. Cafifror.'' [= Cape Province].
Author:  Lichtenstein, MHC
Publish Year:  1823
IUCN Status:  Least Concern

DEFINITIONS

ORIOLUS
(Oriolidae; Ϯ Eurasian Golden Oriole O. oriolus) Med. L. oriolus  Golden Oriole; this onomatopoeia echoes the melodic calls of the Eurasian Golden Oriole which are such a distinctive feature of European woodlands in the spring; "52. ORIOLUS.  Rostrum conicum, convexum, acutissimum, rectum: mandibula superiore paulo longiore, obsolete emarginata.  Lingua bifida, acuta.  Pedes ambulatorii." (Linnaeus 1766): based on "Oriolus" and "Chlorion" of Gessner 1555, "Picus nidum suspendens" of Aldrovandus 1599-1603, "Galbula" of Willughby 1676, and Ray 1713, "Turdus luteus" of Frisch 1733-1743, "Coracias Oriolus" of Linnaeus 1746, and "Oriolus luteus" of Linnaeus 1750; "Oriolus Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 160. Type, by virtual tautonymy, Oriolus galbula Linnaeus = Coracias oriolus Linnaeus, 1758.   ...   Validation under the Plenary Powers of the generic name Oriolus Linnaeus, 1766, by the suppression of older homonym published by Brisson, 1760.  Direction 21, Inter. Comm. Zool. Nomen., 1, Sec. C (C. 12): 161; 178, 1955." (Greenway in Peters 1962, XV, 122). Linnaeus's Oriolus comprised twenty species (O. Galbula, O. chinensis, O. melanocephalus, O. Icterus, O. phoeniceus, O. hæmorrhous, O. persicus, O. mexicanus (No. 8), O. guianensis, O. Baltimore, O. spurius, O. Bonana, O. mexicanus (No. 13), O. dominicensis, O. cayanensis, O. icterocephalus, O. melancholicus, O. capensis, O. aureus, O. chrysocephalus).    
Var. Gridus, Oriotus, Orioblus, Eriolus.   
Synon. Amimeta, Analcipus, Artamia, Baruffius, Broderipornis, Broderipus, Chloreus, Erythrolanius, Euchlorites, Mimeta, Mimetes, Neomimeta, Philocarpus, Psaropholus, Xanthonotus.
• (Icteridae; syn. Icterus † Venezuelan Troupial I. icterus) "GENUS 28.  ORIOLUS Lin. Scopoli Lath. Dum. Icterus Briss. Cuv. La Cép.  Xanthornus La Cép.  (Gilbvogel Germ.  Troupiale, Carouge Gall.  Oriole Angl.)  ...  Species: Oriolus Icterus, Cayanensis Lin." (Illiger 1811); "Oriolus (not of Linnaeus, 1766) Illiger, Prodr. Syst. Mamm. Av., p. 214, 1811—type, by subs. desig. (Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 17, p. 435, 1930), Oriolus icterus Linnaeus." (Hellmayr, 1937, Cat. Birds Americas, Pt. X, p. 102).

oriolus
Med. L. oriolus and aureolus  golden oriole, from its flute-like call (cf. L. aureolus  golden  < aurum  gold).
● ex “Troupiale” of d’Aubenton 1765-1781, pl. 532 (syn. Icterus icterus).
● "49. CORACIAS.  ...  Oriolus.  3. C. flava alis caudaque nigris.  Ampelis flava, artibus nigris, rectricibus quinque exterioribus restrorsum flavis. Act. Stockh. 1750. p. 127. t. 3. f. 5.  Oriolus. Gesn. av. . . .  Galbula. Aldr. orn. 854. t. 857. 858.  Galbula benghalensis. Edw. av. 185. t. 185.  Picus nidum suspendens. Will. orn. . . t. 36. f. 6. & t. 38. f. 4. Jonst. av. 112. t. 41. f. 8. Raj. av. 68.  Flava avis benghalensis. Alb. av. 3. p. 19. t. 20.  Habitat in Europa, Asia, migratoria avis." (Linnaeus 1758) (Oriolus).

larvatus
L. larvatus  masked  < larva  mask.
● ex “Loriot à masque noir” (=☼) of Temminck 1807 (Oriolus).

SUBSPECIES

African Black-headed Oriole (angolensis)
SCI Name: Oriolus larvatus angolensis
angolae / angolense / angolensis / angolica / angolicus
Angola (Portuguese Angola  <  Ngola a title of the kings of Ndongo).
● ex “Rollier d’Angola” of Brisson 1760 (syn. Coracias caudatus).
● ex “Angola Vulture” of Latham 1781 (Gypohierax).
● ex “Apiaster angolensis” of Brisson, “Petit Guêpier vert et bleu à queue étagée” of de Buffon 1770-1783, and “Angola Bee-eater” of Latham 1782 (?syn. Merops pusillus).
● ex “Linotte d’Angola” of Brisson 1760, and “Angola Finch” of Latham 1783 (syn. Ochrospiza atrogularis).
● ex “Fringilla ventre caeruleo. Blue-belly’d Finch” of Edwards 1750 (Uraeginthus).
● Erroneous TL. Angola (= Brazil); ex “Black Gros-beak” of Edwards 1764 (Sporophila).

African Black-headed Oriole (additus)
SCI Name: Oriolus larvatus additus
addita / additus
L. additus  added  < addere  to add.
● "26.  Microeca addita sp. nov.   This remarkable new bird is closely allied to the bird I described (NOV. ZOOL. IV. pp. 170, 524) as Microeca oscillans from the mountains of South Flores.  I should not wonder if a new genus would be created for these birds, but I prefer for the present not to separate it from Microeca, leaving the vexed question of the genera of Muscicapidae to others.  The new species, Microeca addita, differs from M. oscillans in its larger size, more uniform brown upperside, darker rufous brown, not chestnut-brown tail, whitish (not buff) under tail- and under wing-coverts and lighter breast." (Hartert 1900) (Eumyias).
● "In the Durban Museum Novitates, vol. vi, (16), p. 199, 1962, I described a new race of the Black-headed Oriole from the coastal lowlands of Moçambique as Oriolus larvatus tibicen Lawson, the type-locality being Panda, in the Inhambane district.  Unfortunately I now find that this name is pre-occupied by Oriolus Galbula tibicen A. E. Brehm, Verz. Samml., 1866, p. 4, nom. nud. lodged in the synonymy of Oriolus oriolus oriolus (Linnaeus), 1758, by Hartert in Vög. pal. Fauna, vol. i, p. 51, 1903, from which it cannot be extracted and used again.  I therefore propose  Oriolus larvatus additus nom. nov., for O. l. tibicen Lawson, 1962, not O. G. tibicen A. E. Brehm 1866 (Hartert, 1903)." (Lawson 1969) (syn. Oriolus larvatus tibicen).

African Black-headed Oriole (tibicen)
SCI Name: Oriolus larvatus tibicen
tibicen
L. tibicen, tibicinis  flute-player  < tibia  pipe, flute; canere  to play.
● ex “Piping Roller” of Latham 1787 (Gymnorhina).
● ex “Flûteur” of Levaillant 1802, pl. 112, fig. 2 (syn. Sphenoeacus afer).

African Black-headed Oriole (reichenowi)
SCI Name: Oriolus larvatus reichenowi
reichenovi / reichenovii / reichenowi
Prof. Georg Anton Eugen Reichenow (1847-1941) German ornithologist (subsp. Aerodramus spodiopygius, Anthreptes, syn. Anthus spinoletta, Batis, subsp. Bocagia minuta, syn. Chlorophoneus multicolor, Cinnyris, subsp. Cisticola brachypterus,  Crithagra, Cryptospiza, subsp. Dendropicos gabonensis, Drepanorhynchus, syn. Dryocopus martius, subsp. Edolisoma schisticeps, syn. Emberiza goslingi, syn. Galerida cristata arenicola, syn. Gymnoris pyrgita, syn. Illadopsis fulvescens (ex Turdinus rufiventris Reichenow, 1893), syn. Lagonosticta rubricata haematocephala, syn. Lanius collurio (ex Lanius affinis Fischer & Reichenow, 1884), subsp. Melaenornis chocolatinus, syn. Merops viridissimus, syn. Milvus migrans, syn. Myrmecocichla albifrons frontalis, subsp. Numida meleagris, syn. Onychognathus fulgidus hartlaubii, subsp. Oriolus larvatus, subsp. Pachycephala hyperythra, Pionus, Pitta, subsp. Ploceus baglafecht, subsp. Poicephalus meyeri, syn. Prodotiscus zambesiae ellenbecki, subsp. Psalidoprocne pristoptera, subsp. Pteroglossus bitorquatus, syn. Ptyonoprogne obsoleta, syn. Pycnonotus xanthopygos, subsp. Rhipidura dryas, subsp. Sarothrura elegans, subsp. Sasia ochracea, subsp. Schistolais leucopogon, Streptopelia, syn. Symposiachrus axillaris fallax, syn. Tachymarptis aequatorialis, subsp. Tauraco livingstonii, subsp. Trochocercus nitens, syn. Turdoides jardineii emini, subsp. Tychaedon leucosticta, syn. Urorhipis rufifrons rufidorsalis, subsp. Zosterops senegalensis).

African Black-headed Oriole (rolleti)
SCI Name: Oriolus larvatus rolleti
rolleti
Jacques-Antoine Rollet (later Brun-Rollet) (1810-1855) Savoyard explorer in Sudan and Abyssinia, Sardinian Consul in Khartoum (subsp. Oriolus larvatus, Pogonornis).

African Black-headed Oriole (larvatus)
SCI Name: Oriolus larvatus larvatus
larvatus
L. larvatus  masked  < larva  mask.
● ex “Loriot à masque noir” (=☼) of Temminck 1807 (Oriolus).